Notes

    1 J.P.Sullivan, Martial: the unexpected classic, (Cambridge: Cambridge 

UP, 1991) 251.

    2 Goertz, Donald C, introduction, Select Epigrams of Martial, by Martial, 

trans. Goertz, (New York: University Books, 1971) 22.

    3 Goertz 22.

    4 Palmer Bovie, introduction, Epigrams of Martial, by Martial, trans. 

Bovie, (New York: Plume,  1970) 1.  

    5 Goertz 24.

    6 Goertz 22.

    7 Goertz 23.

    8 Sullivan 3 and Bovie Epigrams of Martial1.

    9 Edwin Post, introduction, Selected Epigrams of Martial, by Martial, ed. 

Edwin Post, ( Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1967) xii.  

    10 Sullivan 3.

    11 William Matthews, introduction, The Mortal City:100 Epigrams of 

Martial, by Martial, trans. Matthews, (Athens: Ohio Review,1995) vii.

    12 Bovie Epigrams of Martial 1.

    13 Palmer Bovie, introduction, Martial: Selected Epigrams, by Martial, 

trans. Rolph Humphries, (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1973) 12.

   14 Sullivan 27.

    15 Sullivan 27.

   16 Goertz 24.

   17 Bovie Epigrams of Martial 12.

   18 Bovie Epigrams of Martial 15.

   19 Post xv.

   20 Bovie Epigrams of Martial 19.

   21 Matthews ix.

   22 Post xvii.

   23 Bovie Martial: Selected Epigrams 2.

   24 Bovie Martial: Selected Epigrams 13 and Matthews viii.

   25 Matthews viii.

   26 Bovie Martial: Selected Epigrams 14.

   27 Matthews viii.

   28 Bovie Martial: Selected Epigrams 15.

   29 Bovie Martial: Selected Epigrams 16.

   30 Post xxi and Sullivan 78 and Goertz 9.

   31 Quoted and translated by Goertz 9.

   32 Sullivan 78.

   33 Sullivan 78 and Goertz 10.

   34 Goertz 11.

   35 Sullivan 79.

   36 Goertz 10.

   37 Sullivan 79.

   38 Sullivan 79.

   39 Sullivan 80-1.

   40 Goertz 17.

   41 Goertz 10.

   42 Bovie Martial: Selected Epigrams 17.

   43 Goertz 12.

   44 Matthews ix.

   45 Bovie Epigrams of Martial 12.

   46 Goertz 12.

   47 Goertz 12.

    48 Goertz 14.

    49 My translation.

    50 Quoted in Goertz 14.

    51 Quoted in Goertz 15.

    52 Goertz 14.

    53 Quoted in Goertz 16-7.

    54  Bovie Martial: Selected Epigrams 2.

    55 Mirra Ginsburg, on the translation, Notes from the Underground, by 

Fyodor Dostoevsky, trans. Mirra Ginsburg, (New York:Bantam, 1992) 

xxviii.

    56 D.S. Carne-Ross, postscript: structural translation, Patrocleia of 

Homer, by Homer, trans.Christopher Logue, (Ann Arbor: U of Michigan 

P, 1963) 51.

    57 Lorna Hardwick, Translating Words, Translating Cultures, (London: 

Duckworth, 2000) 29.

    58 Hardwick 29.

    59 Quoted in Hardwick 29.

   60 D.S. Carne-Ross 52.

   61 Both literal and creative are my translations.

   62 Quoted in D.S. Carne-Ross 51-2.

   63 Martial, Martial Epigrams, trans. and ed. D.R. Shackleton Bailey, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1993).